The comments on yesterday’s post virtually demand some response before I try to continue my tentative answers to the question I originally
posed. Let me take them seriatim. I am not going to reproduce everyone’s
comments. That would make this post too
long. I ask you to check the comments section if
you want to know exactly what I am responding to.
1. Indeed, the
draft should be genuinely universal – women as well as men. I should have said as much.
2. The U. S.
does not need to endlessly expand its nuclear arsenal to meet multiple
threats. Two hundred 0.5 megaton
warheads on a number of Trident submarines will do the job.
3. Whether or
not nukes are “weapons of peace” is neither here nor there. What does matter is that the greatest threat
of a nuclear explosion is from accidents, incorrectly interpreted signals,
testosterone fueled confrontations, and the like. A small force of Second Strike weapons, well
maintained, is the best we can do in the short term.
4. I do not
find it useful or edifying to attempt imperial body counts. Suffice it to say there has never been a
pacific empire [i.e. peaceful, not one located in the Pacific region]. I recognize how satisfying it is, when
confronted by the celebratory characterization of America as a Beacon of
Freedom and Leader of the Free World, to detail America’s predations,
government overthrows, renditions, and such, but on this blog, that is preaching
to the choir, as they say in some Protestant denominations. Why don’t we simply take all of that as given
and move on.
5, There are no
rules, normal or otherwise, that other nations abide by save when it is in
their interest to pretend that there is, because there is no body – state,
international consortium, United Nations, United Federation of Planets, or City
Council – capable of enforcing its will.
There is simply, in Hobbes’ immortal words, the war of all against all.
6. How can I,
as an anarchist, argue for a draft?
Simple, the same way I, as an anarchist, can argue for a law that
drivers drive on the right side of the road and stop at red lights. I do not think the law is morally binding on
me, regardless of how one chooses the legislature that enacts it, but I do
think it is useful to have such laws. I
published In Defense of Anarchism,
recall, in 1970, when the question whether conscientious young men had a moral
obligation to answer a draft call when it arrived was a great deal more than an
interesting theoretical question. I
debated former Yale Law School Dean Eugene V. Rostow on this very question at
the centenary meeting of the New York City Bar Association. Rostow argued that young men were morally
[not merely legally] obliged to obey an order to report for induction precisely
because that order rested on a law passed by a democratically elected
legislature. My argument struck at the
heart of that claim.
Interesting side note:
Rostow’s parents, a pair of old lefties, named him Eugene Victor Debs
Rostow [his brother was named Walt Whitman Rostow], but Debs was embarrassed by
this echo of early 20th century New York socialism and shortened his
name, dropping the “Debs.”
I didn't realize you were on a 3rd name basis with Dean Rostow.
ReplyDeleteOn a more serious note, I haven't figured out the relative merits of a navy vs. an army. It appears to me that the USN has actually done some useful work in recent years combatting piracy off east Africa and deterring it in and around Indonesia. Not entirely or even mostly on its own, but to some extent in coordination with other navies. I cannot think of anything useful that the army (or AF or USMC) has done abroad in my lifetime (i.e., past 60+ years).
There are a lot of rules that most governments have decided it's in their interest to abide by most of the time. That's why a Hobbesian picture of the world is incomplete, at best.
ReplyDeleteIn the disciplinary lingo of International Relations, the word "anarchy" is used to refer to the absence of a world government. As Hedley Bull argued in his 1977 book The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, relations among countries take place against a background of fairly wide agreement on certain rules (or norms). The world is not, or not only, a Hobbesian "anarchy" but, Bull argued, also a kind of society. Not, to be sure, anything approaching a just society, but a society of a kind nonetheless. Bull is, I think, right on this point (and the Hobbesians wrong).
Note that the network of U.S. military bases across the world, a key feature of the American "empire," rests on the agreement of the host state to have a base on its territory. When the host govt (assuming it's a functioning regime) decides it wants the U.S. to leave and tells it to go, the U.S. leaves. That's happened several times in recent years. I'm not defending the U.S. military base network, just pointing out that it's not a matter of a Hobbesian "we are powerful, you're not, therefore we are putting a military base on your soil whether you like it or not." That's not how it works.
Of course differences in power matter, and perhaps Bull's book could equally well have been called The Hierarchical Society. But that's a somewhat different point.
LFC,
ReplyDeleteThe U.S. has a military base in Guantanamo. Will they leave if the Cubans ask for the territory back? Good luck.
In any case, throughout the world the U.S. has interfered in elections, bribed governments, backed military coups and invaded/overthrown "unfriendly" regimes to assure that their military bases are everywhere welcome.