In 1961, after completing a three year Instructorship in
Philosophy and General Education at Harvard, I went to the University of
Chicago as an Assistant Professor of Philosophy. There I met and became friendly with Hans
Morgenthau, a very famous senior professor who was one of the leading figures
in the so-called realpolitik school
of international relations. The central
idea of realpolitik was that nations
could be viewed as unitary actors on the world stage motivated not by ideology or
historical loyalties but by rational self-interest. The theory was first developed in order to
make sense of the endlessly shifting alliances, over many centuries, of the
nations of Central and Western Europe, but in the post-World War Two world it
had been broadened to include the entire world.
The major European powers – France, Great Britain, Germany, Russia,
Italy – were now allies, now enemies, then again allies. In the middle of the twentieth century, the
United States joined this structure of alliances, forming a working partnership
with Russia, France, and Great Britain against Germany and Italy, then crafting
an Atlantic Alliance against the Soviet Union that included its former enemies,
German and Italy. Morgenthau taught me
to view these changing alliances in a rational, non-ideological fashion,
something that was, for a young twenty-seven year old neophyte, an eye-opener.
While I was in Paris, disporting myself in cafés and
lecturing on Marx in Ghent to an audience of workers and students, Donald Trump
continued his purposeful dismantling of the Atlantic Alliance. There have been a good many fevered warnings
that the world as we know it is coming to an end – which may very well be true –
but not as much thoughtful commentary on what new world order may emerge from
the wreckage. The goal of this blog is
to make a start at thinking this question through. I am, of course, no sort of expert at all on
international relations, and I sometimes wish Morgenthau were around to offer
guidance, but I will do my best, and I welcome comments from those among you
better informed than I.
The first thing that will happen is the increased urgency by
the European nations to repair the fractures in the European Economic Union, to
shore up the euro, perhaps even to woo Great Britain back into the union. American commentators will focus feverishly
on Vladimir Putin’s increasingly successful efforts to destroy the Atlantic
Alliance, but despite its enormous nuclear arsenal, Russia is essentially a
failed state propped up by its sale of oil.
As renewable energy sources capture a larger and larger share of the
world’s needs, Russia will diminish in importance, playing at most a marginal
regional role.
The real winner in any fundamental realignment of global
powers will be China. Some background is
called for. Historically, China has been
an inward looking nation, focused on strengthening its control of its
heartland, and expanding, when able, northward, westward, and southwestward, to
dominate Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Southeast Asia. As Owen Lattimore shows in his fine old book,
The Inner Asian Frontiers of China,
this process of centrifugal expansion and centripetal contraction is thousands
of years old. However, for almost a
thousand years, China has been connected to a complex trade network linking the
entire Eurasian land mass and Africa as well.
[An excellent exposition of this can be found in Janet Abu-Lughod’s
work, Before European Hegemony.]
The network had two principal substructures, in each of
which China served as the eastern terminus.
The overland structure, which we know as the Silk Road, was a series of
linked trading routes, beginning in China, traveling west past Tibet,
circumventing the formidable Taklamakan desert, and ending at the far eastern
end of the Mediterranean. A second water
route began at China’s ports on what we call the China Sea, went through the
Straits of Malacca, headed west to the seacoast of India, then on to the port cities
of East Africa and up the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, to Genoa and Venice,
and thence to the fairs of Flanders and Burgundy, where goods from as far west and
north as Northern England were exchanged for the silks and spices [and paper
and gunpowder] that had made their way from China. No trader traveled the entire route [Marco
Polo to the contrary notwithstanding], but the trade routes were well
established. Detailed charts of the
timing of trade winds enabled Muslim traders to sail east and then west in accordance
with the winds, thus avoiding the necessity of laying over for six months until
the winds shifted. This vast complex of
trade routes even included sub-Saharan Africa.
Muslim merchants traveled overland south across a less forbidding Sahara
to the nations of West Africa [hence the fact that Hausa of Nigeria are Muslim],
while trade goods traded overland to the Indian ocean from Central and East Africa
linked even that continent to the international economy. Indeed, it is said that a taste for fine
English woolens on the part of West African rulers sparked a small economic
boomlet in the north of England, and in the European Middle Ages half of the gold
circulating in Western Europe had its origin in the gold mines of West Africa.
Which brings me to Xi Jinping. The President of China [now effectively for
life], building on this ancient pair of trade networks, has launched an
enormously ambitious and far-sighted economic initiative, labeled One Belt One
Road, and projected to cost roughly four trillion dollars, whose aim is to
build roads, rail networks, regional shipping depots, and ports following the ancient
water [One Belt] and overland [One Road] pathways and uniting the entire
Eurasian landmass in a single unified economic unit with China both the eastern
terminus and the dominant partner. When
this project is completed, in twenty-five years or more, it will bind Europe
economically to China, thus enabling China to displace the United States as
Europe’s principal trading partner and establishing China as a world power, not
simply as a regional power.
Xi’s plan was conceived well before Trump was elected, but
Trump’s frantic destruction of the Atlantic Alliance can only considerably
advance Xi’s global plan. The United States
will of course continue to be a major economic force, given the fact that it
has now the largest national economy in the world along with a bloated [and all
but useless] military establishment. However,
China’s population is somewhat more than four times that of the United States,
and it is inevitable that it will overtake the U.S. economically.
What are we to think of all of this? Ah well, the spirit of Hans Morgenthau does
not tell me, so we must decide for ourselves.
